Basic life support (BLS) following by Advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) is intended to rescue the patients with acute circulatory or respiratory failure or both. The most important determinant of short and long-term neurologically intact survival is the interval from the onset of the cardiac or respiratory onset to restoration of effective spontaneous functions of these vital activities.It is commonly accepted that every physician, regardless of specialty, should be able to  perform CPR. It must be also emphasized that CPR, almost invariably, necessitates a rapid interventional follow-care with ACLS procedure.Without well-performed basic life support, advanced cardiac life support is of no remark-: able benefit, BLS and ACLS are processes that must be performed step by step and with respect to the patient's condition.

Background: Foot orthoses are often used to correct altered gait patterns. However, effect of long term use of arch support foot orthoses on walking mechanics is not well understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of long term use of arch support foot orthoses on the asymmetry indices of ground reaction forces during stance phase of walking in male children with flexible flat feet. Methods: Fifteen male volunteered children (with their parents’ permission) with flexible flat feet were evaluated. Walking ground reaction forces and kinematic data before and after four months use of foot orthoses were recorded by force plate and Vicon motion system, respectively. Then, the asymmetry indices of ground reaction force components were calculated. Results: The results show that asymmetry index of the medio-lateral component of ground reaction force in loading response and push off phases during pre-test were higher than 4% (normal value). Also asymmetry index of its time to peak during the mid-stance phase in the pre-test were higher than normal value. Moreover, findings did not show any significant differences in asymmetry indices of other ground reaction force components and their time to peak, impulses and vertical loading rate between pre-test and post-test conditions. Conclusion: Despite the high asymmetry values of the peak medio-lateral component and it’ s time to peak in children with flexible flat feet during pre-test; long-term use of the foot orthoses did not show any significant effect on the improvement of the asymmetry index of these components. However, long-term wearing of the foot orthoses reduced asymmetry index of the peak positive free moment amplitude.

Background & Aims: Pronation of foot is one of the most common abnormalities of the lower limb,so the purpose of this study was to compare the immediate and long-term effects of arch support on the electrical activity of muscles during landing in the three-step shot technique in handball players with pronation foot. Materials & Methods: The present study was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this research was male handball players with pronated foot. Sampling was done using convenient sampling method, and 10 people with pronated foot along with 10 healthy people were selected. The sole of the shoe used in this study had a protrusion on the inner edge of the foot (Arch support). To measure the electrical activity of the muscles of the lower limbs, it was recorded by an electromyography device and analyzed by the biometric datalite program. ANOVA test with repeated measurements was used to analyze the data, and the independent t-test was used to check the sameness of the initial conditions. Results: The results showed that there were significant increases in gastrocnemius muscles (P=0. 04), vastus medialis (p=0. 001), and biceps femoris muscles (p=0. 089) in the pronation foot group after 4 weeks of using arch support insoles compared to the pre-test stage. Also, there was a significant increase in the vastus medialis muscle (p=0. 06) in the pronation group in the immediate stage compared to the pre-test stage. In addition, the semitendinosus muscle in the pronation group had a significant increase after 4 weeks compared to the immediate phase (p=0. 035). Conclusion: It seems that in addition to improving the electrical activity of the lower limb muscles during jumping and landing, the immediate and long-term use of Arch Support insoles can lead to improved balance, absorption of landing shocks, and stability of the ankle joint in handball players with pronation foot.

Aim and background: This study aimed to compare the effects of the Arch-Support insole on the values of Impulse, Vertical Loading Rate, and Free-Moment among handball players with the pronated foot during the jump and landing three-step shot technique. Material and Methods: This study was quasi-experimental and laboratory based. 10 pronated foot and 10 healthy (control group) handball male players were selected as convenience sampling. The test was performed as a pre-test and post-test in two conditions with and without the use of Arch-Support insoles during the jump and landing. Two-way ANOVA test was used for statistical analysis at the significant level (P<0/05). Results: The inter-group results showed that the vertical loading rate (P=0. 032), impulse (P<0. 001), and maximum free moment (P=0. 013) in two groups, control, and pronated foot during jumping,Also, the vertical loading rate (P=0. 001), impulse (P<0. 001), and maximum free-moment (P=0. 049) in two groups, control, and pronated foot during landing have significant differences. The results of the intra-group test showed that the vertical loading rate (P < 0. 001), impulse (P = 0. 002), and maximum free-moment (P = 0. 027) during jumping,Also, the vertical loading rate (P<0. 001), impulse (P=0. 001), and maximum free-moment (P=0. 043) during landing in the pronated foot group had a significant decrease in the post-test compared to the pre-test group. Conclusion: The use of Arch-Support insoles can prevent possible injuries to the lower limbs by reducing the values of Impulse, Vertical Loading Rate, and Free-Moment.

Introduction: Correction of deep overbite and achieving a long-term stability are still major concerns for many orthodontists. There are three main ways for solving this problem: Bypass arch technique introduced by Ricketts, Segmented arch technique introduced by Burstone and using TADs. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of Ricketts and Burstone techniques during correction of deep overbites.Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial, 18 female patients with Cl I and II occlusion and more than 4 mm of overbite were selected. The subjects were divided into two groups (n=9). The deep overbite in group A was treated with Ricketts technique and Burstone technique was used for correction of overbite in group B. Fifteen jaws were included in each group. Lateral cephalograms before and after intrusion were used to evaluate the results. Data were statistically analyzed with Student’s t-test and SPSS 18 (a=0.05).Results: There was a statistically significant difference in the means of true intrusion and extrusion between groups A and B (p value=0.014 and p value=0.47, respectively). However, overbite reduction was not significantly different between the two groups (p value=0.704). In addition, the differences in mean false intrusion (p value=0.02), changes in the axial inclination of posterior teeth (p value=0.047) and the angle between axial inclination of upper and lower anterior teeth (p value=0.002) were statistically significant between the two groups.Conclusion: Under the limitation of the present study, the results confirmed the superiority of Burstone technique in intruding incisors with less undesirable lateral movements.

Arch bridges have been commonly used in high-seismicity regions of the world, as a result of which notable damage has been documented in several arch bridges during past earthquakes. Certain aspects of seismic behavior of arch bridges are different from those in typical slab-on-girder bridges, including the significance of axial loads, sizable differences between in-plane and out-of-plane stiffness, and the use of piers with different heights. However, limited previous studies have addressed the seismic behavior of concrete arch bridges. In the present study, the effects of earthquake incidence angle and asynchronous support excitation on reinforced concrete arch bridges are investigated. Nonlinear 3-D models of four existing reinforced concrete deck-type arch bridges in Iran were developed. The bridges had arch spans of 23, 35, 45 and 50 meters and were subjected to nonlinear time history analyses using seven acceleration records. The incidence angle was changed in 15 degrees increment between 0 and 90 degrees. Moreover, the effect of asynchronous support excitation was investigated by means of introducing a time delay between excitation input for different supports. The relative displacement (drift) of the piers, the curvature ductility demands within the piers, the curvature ductility demand at different locations of the arch, and the displacement of the deck at the abutments (unseating) were used as damage indicators. The results showed that unseating of the bridge deck from abutments and pier drifts were the most and the least sensitive damage parameter to the change in incidence angle, respectively. The axial force at the end points of the arch was found to change significantly during earthquake, with a maximum of 40 percent in case of 90-degree incidence angle. The effect of asynchronous support excitations was relatively small, with a maximum increase of 10 percent in damage indicators and 5 percent in the axial forces and bending moments.

Many nonlinear models have been developed based on the mean errors modeling. However, the non-linear models with Autoregressive conditional heteoscedasticity are based on variance modeling. These models are combined with linear models, partly to increase the accuracy of modeling and predictions. In this study, using data from the Urmia Lake water level data for the period 1973-2012, the models with autocorrelation moving average and Bilinear model and two combined models (Autoregressive conditional heteoscedasticity) and (Bilinear conditional heteoscedasticity) were evaluated. To select the ARMA family models, AICC test were used and regression coefficient (r) and root mean square error (RMSE) tests were used for validation models. The results of validation the ARMA, BL, ARMA-ARCH and BL-ARCH models showed the correlation coefficient of 0.707, 0.618, 0.792 and 0.704 and the mean square root equal 2.838, 4.309, 2.031 and 4.11 between observed and modeling data respectively. Also the results showed that model accuracy increased with combining both linear and nonlinear models, but with combining two nonlinear models is caused reduce the accuracy of the models. Overall the results showed that by combining ARMA and ARCH models, the model error decreased about 28 percentage and combining two non-linear models caused increased model error about 2 percentage.

Objective: Hallux Valgus is one of the most foot deformities which increases plantar pressure beneath big toe and first metatarsal. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of foot orthosis on plantar pressure distribution in subjects with mild and moderate Hallux Valgus.Materials & Methods: in this quasi-experimental study, females 16 with Hallux Valgus were recruited. Plantar pressure in eight areas of foot was measured by Pedar-X insole when wearing standard shoe only; shoe with foot orthosis and shoe with foot orthosis after one month of using orthosis. Data were analyzed by repeated measure analysis of variance test.Results: using foot orthosis for a month leaded to decrease pressure in the big toe (p<0.019); first metatarsal and 3-5 metatarsals (p<0.001) and also increased pressure in medial mid foot (p<0.001).Conclusion: Foot orthosis decreased peak pressure in fore-foot and increased it in medial mid-foot. Therefore redistribute plantar pressure to the more normal pattern in Hallux Valgus subjects. So it could be one of the effective methods to prevent the progression of this deformity in its initial steps of formation.

Background and Aims: Shin splint is one of the most common causes of painful shins in athletes. The use of arch support foot orthosis can be used in the prevention and treatment of shin splint. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of arch support foot orthosis on the pain intensity of recreational runners with shin splint during running. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 women with shin splint aged 20-35 years were randomly assigned to either experimental (n = 25) or control (n = 25) groups. Experimental group received the foot orthosis for 18 weeks combined with the usual treatment. In control group, they underwent only usual treatment. Pain was assessed via Visual Analogue Scale and severity of injury was assessed using Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome questionnaire, extent of injury caused using running test, and patient's perceived level of change was assessed using the Global Change Scale. All variables were measured before the intervention and 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and 18 weeks after the intervention. Results: The results demonstrated that pain severity (P=0. 001) and injury severity (P=0. 02) were significant for the experimental group compared with those of the control group six months after the intervention. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups at weeks 12 and 18 (P˃ 0. 05). Conclusion: The results of the current study showed that the use of arch support foot orthosis combined with multi-component treatment result in the faster reduction of pain severity, severity of injury, and physical restraint, and patients with shin splint reported better perceived therapeutic effects.